Story of an Immigrant :: Sudan Lost Boys Immigration Essays Papers

Story of an Immigrant The focus of this paper is Shimma. His tribal home is in Sudan. He is believed to be 21 and has resided as a refugee in the USA since August 2001. He is known as a â€Å"Lost Boy of Sudan.† I met Shimma while shopping at Wal-Mart in central Phoenix. I had been fascinated by the reports of the Lost Boys that I had heard on TV and read in the newspapers. I knew that some of the Lost Boys were being relocated to Phoenix and hoped to meet some of them along the way on my travels through out Phoenix. I had seen them at bus stops and around the city walking. They have a very distinctive appearance, not your typical African-Americans. They are tall and thin with high cheekbones and dark black skin tone. While shopping at Wal-Mart I rounded a corner and there he stood tall, dark and smiling. I got excited about finally meeting one of the Lost Boys and began to ramble. I introduced myself and inquired into his status as one of the Lost Boys. He introduced himself and confirmed that he was indeed one of the Lost Boys I had been reading and hearing about. I asked him for an interview and he offered his name and telephone number. I repeatedly tried to contact him and weeks later he agreed to meet me at a local restaurant. The day of our interview after many phone calls he arrived over an hour late, which I accounted for as cultural time difference. Shimma is a very busy man. He works at Wal-Mart and attends ESL classes two days a week at Phoenix Community College. Much of our study in this anthropology class has centered on voluntary immigration due to economic circumstances. Shimma did not migrate for economic reasons, he is a refugee seeking safety and sanctuary from his war ravaged country. The book that we read in class about refugees was a case study that considered the plight of the Hmong in Wisconsin. The Hmong are refugees from Laos who fled after US forces pulled out of the Vietnam War. I also read a book about the Hmong that dealt with a case study in California and a little girl of Hmong descent that encountered great difficulties with the medical institutions after she was diagnosed with Epilepsy.

Spiritual Teachers

Great Spiritual Masters and Teachers Written by Devon Love Sections on Babaji, How To Pick   Or Not Pick) A Spiritual Teacher, and Conclusion written by Christine Breese, D. D. Ph. D. Introduction Throughout time, many spiritual masters have offered teachings in service to humanity. Many who have been inclined toward self realization have, through a wide variety of different paths, reached this goal and gone on   to teach others. This process remains a mystery to and yet many people at some point in their lives begin to question who they are and seek out teachings to help them answer this question.There  are  multitudes  of   different  ways  that  spiritual  information  is  passed  on  and  shared  with  others. In  this  course  we  will  explore  the   many  different  categories  of  spiritual  masters  and  teachers  throughout  recorded  history. Review Of Literature (Exam  questions  are  not  drawn  from  the  Review  Of  Literature  section. )   Tao  Te  Ching  (1963)  translated  by  D. C. Lau  from  Lao  Tsu’s  original  words  is  a  translation  of  the  Chinese   classic. The   Tao   Te   Ching   rings   clearly   through   the   ages   as   a   Great   Pearl   of   timeless   Wisdom. All   serious   metaphysicians   should   study   this   work,   and   meditate   on   its   teachings.Like   all   great   spiritual   texts,   the   Tao   Te   Ching,  when  deeply  contemplated,  reveals  the  true  nature  of  the  universe. Peace   Is   Every   Step:   The   Path   Of   Mindfulness   In   Everyday   Life   (1991)   by   Thich   Nhat   Hahn   is   a   wonderful   book. Thich  Nhat  Hahn  is  a  Zen  Buddhist  monk  whose  teachings  come  straight  from  the  hear t. Those  who  have   discovered   his   work   have   likely   been   transformed   by   it. His   words   are   filled   with   compassion,   humility,   and   purity. In  Peace  Is  Every  Step,  Te  (teacher)  as  his  students  refer  to  him,  teaches  of  awakening  to  the  joy  of  now,  the   loving  presence  of  life.He  speaks  of  finding  joy  and  peace  wherever  one  is,  in  looking  at  flowers,  at  the  blue  sky, or  into  the  eyes  of  a  child. Thich  Nhat  Hahn’s  teachings  apply  to  everyone,  and  this  simple  book  is  an  excellent   introduction  to  his  work. The   Miracle   Of   Mindfulnes   (1975)   by   Thich   Nhat   Hahn   is   another   beautiful   gem   arising   from   the   consciousness   of   Te,   this   is   a   Zen   masterpiece,   reminding   us   in   simple,   economical,   and   flowing   words   of   the   wisdom  of  being  present  to  life. Using  anecdotes  from  his  life,  Te  tells  us  to  wake  up  and  consciously  experience   each  moment  as  the  precious  gift  that  it  is.From  washing  dishes  to  drinking  a  cup  of  tea,  he  encourages  us  to  be   fully   present,   awake,   and   aware,   to   be   fully   in   our   bodies,   and   experiencing   the   actual   physical   sensations   of   breathing  and  movement  in  these  acts,  this  being  the  key  to  fully  realizing  ourselves. The  Heart  Of  Buddha? s  Teachings:Transforming,  Suffering  Into  Peace,  Joy,  And  Liberation  (1998),  by  Thich  Naht   Hahn,   presents   the   teachings   of   Buddhaà ‚   in   a   simple   and   lovely   way. His   understanding   and   interpretation   of   these  teachings  is  flawless.He  speaks  of  his  own  relationship  with  suffering,  and  how  he  merged  with  Buddha   through  this. He  goes  to  the  heart  of  Buddha’s  teachings  on  suffering  and  non? suffering,  misery  and  happiness,   and   how   these   each   exist   only   with   the   presence   of   the   other. From   chapter   1:   Buddha   was   not   a   god. He   was   a   human  being  like  you  and  me,  and  he  suffered  just  as  we  do. If  we  go  to  the  Buddha  with  our  hearts  open,  he  will  look  at  us,   his   eyes   filled   with   compassion,   and   say,   â€Å"Because   there   is   suffering   in   your   heart,   it   isà ‚   possible   for   you   to   enter   my   heart. †¦If   you   have   experienced   hunger,   you   know   that   having   food   is   a   miracle. If  you  have  suffered  from  the  cold,  you   know   the   preciousness   of   warmth. When   you   have   suffered,   you   know   how   to   appreciate   the   elements   of   paradise   that  are   present. If  you  dwell  only  in  your  suffering,  you  will  miss  paradise. Don? t  ignore  your  suffering,  but  don? t  forget  to  enjoy   the  wonders  of  life,  for  your  sake  and  for  the  benefit  of  many  beings. The  Art  Of  Happiness:  A  Handbook  For  Living  (1998)  by  His  Holiness  the  Dalai Lama  with  Howard  C. Cutler   M. D. s   a   collaboration   between   H. H. the   Dalai   Lama,   the   spiritu al   leader   of   Tibet,   and   Dr. Cutler,   a   psychiatrist. These  two  people  broke  the  barriers  between  spirituality  and  psychology  in  order  to  help  people  realize  happiness. The  perspective  in  the  book  alternates  between  the  understanding  of  a  Western  psychiatrist,  and  the  understanding   of  a  Tibetan  spiritual  leader,  through  a  conversation  in  which  each  attempts  to  understand  the  other. The  outcome  is   a  rich  dialogue  of  great  importance,  which  explores  questions  such  as†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Is  happiness  truly  possible?   and†¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"How   is  it  that  we  find  happiness? †Ã‚  If  you  are  seeking  happiness,  this  book  is  recommended. Ethics  For  The  New  Millennium  (1999)  by  His  Holiness  The  Dalai  Lam a  is  a  book  dedicated  toward  the  task   of  right  living. An  excerpt  from  chapter  1  reads  as  follows:  We  have,  in  my  view,  created  a  society  in  which  people  find   it  harder  and  harder  to  show  one  another  basic  affection. In  place  of  the  sense  of  community  and  belonging,  which  we  find   Great  Spiritual  Masters  &  Teachers  Ã‚ ©2005  University  Of  Metaphysical  Sciences   1 uch  a  reassuring  feature  of  less  wealthy  (and  generally  rural)  societies,  we  find  a  high  a  degree  of  loneliness  and  alienation. Despite  the  fact  that  millions  live  in  close  proximity  to  one  another,  it  seems  that  many  people,  especially  among  the  old,  have   no  one  to  talk  to  but  their  pets. Modern  industrial  society  often  strikes  me  as  being  like  a  huge  self? propelled  machine. Instead   of  human  beings  in  charge,  each  individual  is  a  tiny,  insignificant  component  with  no  choice  but  to  move  when  the  machine   moves. Around  this  observation,  H.H. the  Dalai  Lama  offers  a  cure  for  what  ails  us. This  is  an  excellent  book,  and   a  great  follow? up  to  The  Art  Of  Happiness. Rumi  as  translated  by  Coleman  Barks  in  The  Essential  Rumi  (2001)  is  an  exquisite  translation  to  read. Here we  find  the  poetry  of  Rumi,  and  if  you  have  not  experienced  his  work,  there  is  nothing  to  do  but  drink  from  the   fountain:  Ã‚   The  Many  Wines   God  has  given  us  a  dark  wine  so  potent  t hat,  drinking  it,  we  leave  the  two  worlds. God  has  put  into  the  form  of  hashish  a  power  to  deliver  the  taster  from  self? consciousness.God  has  made  sleep  so  that  it  erases  every  thought. God  made  Manjun  love  Layla  so  much  that  just  her  dog  would  cause  confusion  in  him. There  are  thousands  of  wines  that  can  take  over  our  minds. Don? t  think  all  ecstasies  are  the  same! Jesus  was  lost  in  his  love  for  God. His  donkey  was  drunk  with  barley. Drink  from  the  presence  of  saints,  not  from  those  other  jars. Every  object,  every  being,  is  a  jar  full  of  joy? from  The  Essential  Rumi   Guru  For  The  Aquarian  Age:  The  Life  And  Teachings  Of  Guru  Nanak  (1996)  by  Steve  Gilba r  and  Partnatma   Singh   talks   about   a   particular   guru   named   Nanak.From   the   introduction   by   Yogi   Bajan:   Guru   Nanak   served   humanity  by  openly  teaching  this  technique  of  awareness  in  order  to  bring  men  out  from  the  pit  of  hell  into  which  they  had   been  dragged  by  the  blind,  ritualistic,  self? centered,  spiritual  egoists  of  that  dark  age. He  gave  men  freedom  of  the  spirit  and   took  away  the  domination  of  these  Ã¢â‚¬Å"middlemen. †Ã‚  Humanity  had  committed  the  error  time  and  time  again  of  worshiping  the   man   rather   than   the   truth   he   represents. Guru   Nanak   taught   that   it   is   God   who   prevails   through   demand   and   the   man? owever   great   he   may   be? is   only   the   channel,   the   instrument   for   the   flow   of   Divine   Wisdom. Men   are   meant   to   praise   God,   and   to   teach   others   to   do   so,   not   to   become   objects   of   worship   themselves. Thus,   Guru   Nanak   reestablished   righteousness  and  the  path  to  glory  in  his  own  time. He  made  mankind  understand  the  basic  law  of  life:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nanak  nam  Chardi   kala,  tere  bhane  sarbat  ka  bhala,†Ã‚  keep  up  and  wish  good  to  all. Isis  Unveiled:  Secrets  Of  The  Ancient  Wisdom  Traditions,  Madame  Blavatsky? s  First  Work,  A  New  Abridgment   For   Today   (1997)   by   Helena   P.Blavatsky,   abridged   by   Michael   Gomes   is   a   classic. Helena   Blavatsky   was   a   spiritual  adventurer  and  metaphys ician  who  founded  the  Theosophical  Society,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A  world  organization  dedicated  to   fellowship   among   all   peoples   and   encouragement   of   the   study   of   religion,   philosophy,   and   science. † In   this   voluminous   book,  Blavatsky  endeavors  to  reveal  the  truth  underlying  the  ancient  mystery  teachings  found  in  many  cultures. Though   the   original   is   difficult   to   read,   the   abridged   edition   is   much   more   accessible.If   one   is   serious   about   metaphysics,  theosophy,  Egyptology,  and  mystery  school  teachings,  this  is  a  must  read. Hildegard   Von   Bingen’s   Mystical   Visions:   Translated   From   Scivias   (1995)   translated   by   Bruce   Hozeski   is   all   about  Hildegard  Von  Bingen,  an  eleventh  century  mystical  visionary  who  had  begun  to  have  visions  and  speak   prophecy   by   the   age   of   15. She   was   a   writer   and   an   accomplished   musician,   and   everything   she   wrote   and   composed  seemed  divinely  inspired.This  book  is  a  translation  from  her  work  entitled  Scivias,  which  means  Know   The   Path. It   is   a   collection   of   her   visions   and   the   prophecy   brought   forth   in   them. There   are   26   visions,   and   Hozeski  breaks  each  one  up  into  sections  and  discusses  and  interprets  the  rich  symbolism  contained  within. This   is  a  profound  look  into  the  visions  of  a  great  mystic. In   Tales   of   Hasidim:   Book   One,   The   Early   Masters   (1991)   by   Martin   Buber,   tra nslated   by   Olga   Marx,   the   author   tells   the   stories   of   the   early   leaders   of   this   religion.The   brilliant   Jewish   philosopher   and   scholar/practitioner   of   the   Hasidic   faith,   comments   on   the   philosophy   of   Hasidic   Judaism. His   writing   on   The   Baal   Shem   Tov   were   used   in   the   research   for   this   course. Martin   Buber? s   body   of   work   has   been   profoundly   influential  in  its  focus  on  the  value  of  human  relationships  and  conscious  interaction  with  life. His  philosophical   views  are  beautifully  expressed  in  the  now  classic  I  And  Thou  (1970). If  you  are  interested  in  learning  more  about   Hasidism  or  human  relationships,  these  works  are  invaluable  to  your  studies. Why   The   Baal   Shem   Tov  Laughed:  52  Stories  About  Our  Great  Chasidic  Rabbis  (1993)  by  Sterna  Citron  is  an   informative  piece  of  literature  on  Hasidic  Judaism. From  the  back  cover:  In  the  year  5487,  a  brilliant  source  of  light illuminated  the  dark  skies  of  European  Jewry. Yisroel  Baal  Shem  Tov  breathed  life  and  joy  into  a  population  oppressed  by  a   Great  Spiritual  Masters  &  Teachers  Ã‚ ©2005  University  Of  Metaphysical  Sciences   2 hostile  environment  and  depressed  by  disillusionment†¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"These  Hasidic  stories  are  not  only  heartwarming  and  encouraging   but  also  a  source  of  our  own  character  building.While  reaching  the  goals  of  the  saintly  individuals  may  be  unrealistic,  the   principles   they   established   and   manifested   in   their   lives   should   serve   as   guidelines   for   us. Even   the   fact   that   we   cannot   achieve  their  greatness  should  not  deter  us  from  at  least  trying  to  emulate  them. †? from  Dr. Abraham  J. Twerski   A  Simple  Path  (1995)  by  Mother  Theresa  and  compiled  by  Lucinda  Vardey  chronicles  the  works  of  Mother   Theresa,  her  unfailing  dedication  to  serving  those  in  need,  and  the  formation  of  her  powerful  and  compassionate   organization,   The   Missionaries   Of   Charity.The   story   of   Mother   Theresa   and   her   works   is   an   inspiration   to   all. This  is  highly  recommended  reading. From  the  back  cover:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There  is  something  else  to  remember? that  this  kind  of   love  begins  at  home. We  cannot  give  to  the  outside  what  we  don? t  have  on  the  inside. This  is  very  important. If  I  can’t  see   God? s   love   in   my   brother   and   sister   then   how   can   I   see   that   love   in   somebody   else? How   can   I   give   it   to   somebody   else? Everybody  has  got  some  good. Some  hide  it,  some  neglect  it,  but  it  is  there.   ? Mother  Theresa  Ã‚   The   Philosophy   Of   Freedom:   The   Basis   For   A   Modern   World   Conception   (1916)   was   translated   by   Michael   Wilson   and   is   an   early   work   of   philosophy   by   Rudolph   Steiner. Steiner   was   a   19th? century   philosopher,   spiritualist   and   clairvoyant   who   created   a   spiritual? p hilosophical   cosmology   that   he   called   anthroposophy. He   was   a   student   of   mystery   teachings,   and   was   involved   for   years   with   the   Theosophical   society,   as   well   as   the   Rosicrucians.The   Philosophy   Of   Freedom   was   his   defining   work   outlining   his   cosmological   view. From   the   back cover:  Are  we  free,  whether  we  know  it  or  not? Or  is  our  sense  of  freedom  merely  an  illusion? Rudolph  Steiner  tackles  this   age? old  problem  in  a  new  way. He  says  that  by  taking  account  of  our  own  activity  of  thinking,  we  can  know  the  reasons  for   our  actions. And  if  these  reasons  are  taken  from  our  world  of  the  ideals,  then  our  actions  are  free,  because  we  alone  determine   them. But   this   freedom   cannot   be   settled   for   us   by   philosophical   argument.It   is   not   simply   granted   to   us. If   we   want   to   become  free,  we  have  to  strive  by  our  own  inner  activity  to  overcome  our  unconscious  urges  and  habits  of  thought. In  order   to  do  this  we  must  reach  a  point  of  view  that  recognizes  no  limits  to  knowledge,  sees  through  all  illusions,  and  opens  the  door   to  an  experience  of  the  reality  of  the  spiritual  world. Then  we  can  achieve  the  highest  level  of  evolution. We  can  recognize   ourselves  as  free  spirit. ?Michael  Wilson  Ã‚   Gurdjieff:  The  Key  Concepts  (2003)  by  Sophia  Wellbeloved  is  a  thorough  investigation  of  Gurdjieff’s  legacy   of  work.From  the  back  cover:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sophia  Wellbeloved  has  provided  here  a  tool  for  delving  beneath  Gurdjieff’s  veil  of  words,   for  both  a  specialized  and  general  public†¦Ã‚  this  is  a  work  that  honors  Gurdjieff’s  gift  to  the  moral  and  spiritual  welfare  of   mankind. †Ã‚  ? Paul  Beekman  Taylor. â€Å"This  unique  book  offers  clear  definitions  of  Gurdjieff’s  teaching  terms,  placing  him   within  the  political,  geographical,  and  cultural  context  of  his  time. Selected  entries  look  at  diverse  aspects  of  his  work. †Ã‚   Teachings   Of   The   Hindu   Mystic   (2001)   by   Andrew   Harvey   is   a   compilation   of   writings   from   the   Hindu   mystical   tradition.Andrew   Harvey   is   a   wo rld? renowned   author,   lecturer,   and   teacher   of   the   world? s   spiritual   traditions. He  has  spent  many  years  studying  Hinduism,  Buddhism  and  Christianity. Included  are  works  from   the  Bhagavad? Gita,  the  Upanishads,  teachings  from  Ramakrishna  and  Ramana  Maharishi,  as  well  as  devotional   poetry   from   Mirabai,   Ramprasad,   and   others. This   is   a   great   introduction   to   Hindu   mystic   teachings,   with   its   beautiful  way  of  expression  through  lyrical  verse. Brother   Francis:   An   Anthology   Of   Writings   By   And   About   St. Francis   Of

African American Women And Men - 885 Words

Stockett also portrays the African-American women and men in very stereotypical ways. The Association of Black Women Historians â€Å"condemned the novel’s stereotypical representations of black life, particularly the disappointing resurrection of Mammy and the irreverent dialect of black characters† (Rountree 60). Abilene the most memorable domestic maid in the novel talks about taking care of white babies along with cooking and cleaning. The author writes â€Å"I know how to get them babies to sleep, stop crying, and go in the toilet bowl before they mamas even get out a bed in the morning (Stockett 1). This Mammy stereotyping allows the reader to ignore the back-breaking, low paying jobs these women had. It takes away from the fact that the domestic help were routinely exploited, yet they were very much a necessity of the time. Stockett also portrays the African-American man in a stereotypical way. While not in the story much, the black man is depicted as violent a nd abusive. Many â€Å"found Stockett’s characters stereotypical and the portrayal of black life, simplistic† (Jones 9). The domestic help are seen more as individuals and not family women with the exception of Minny. The reader is lead to believe that life consisted of going to work and returning home with nothing in-between. While Stockett depicts the African-American women in the novel primarily by their body image, the white characters in the story are not left untouched. The stereotypical image of the time for whiteShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Men And Women1968 Words   |  8 Pagesarrival of Africans in America the image in America for the African Americans both male and female have been portrayed in a negative light. Although African Americans today have risen up to some of the highest positions in America such as entrepreneurs, CEOs, and even as high up as the President of the United States of America being an African American man. 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Thomas Jefferson Was A Visionary - 2077 Words

Thomas Jefferson was a visionary. He knew that the United States was meant for great things. He knew we must sacrifice certain things to get what we wanted. He was easily one of the most influential founding fathers. What if he was never in power? What if he was never president? What if Alexander Hamilton endorsed Aaron Burr instead of Jefferson in the election of 1800? What is Burr was the third president of the United States? Thomas Jefferson being president was like a catalyst for change in America if Burr would have taken over the United States would not be as strong as it is today. Thomas Jefferson had revolutionary thoughts about education, government, farming, and land. Jefferson truly morphed United States citizens way of life and beliefs. He was often countered in his ideas of having a small government with a weak Executive branch. It s actually kind of ironic that as the president Thomas took immense strides towards taking the power away from the president. Its truly amazi ng that he did this because most men are power hungry, but Jefferson even when he had the power gave it away for his beliefs. Due to Jefferson s beliefs we aquired some of the most fertile land for farming in the world. That farmland is called Louisiana. It s a huge mass of land that fit perfectly with his beliefs of having a more rural focused population. Jefferson actually always wanted and had plans of exploring the Louisiana area. His two representatives, James Monroe and RobertShow MoreRelatedA Brief Biography on Thomas Jefferson Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesSynthesis Essay - Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson The Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy defines a leader as â€Å"†¦someone who influences others to achieve a goal.† (CF02, FRLD, p. 9, 2012) Thomas Jefferson was a visionary and ethical leader that fought for and ensured that a group of colonies in a new land achieved the ultimate goal of creating the United States of America. 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The Origns of the Cold War - 934 Words

The Cold War originated after World War II. The divergences started amongst the year of 1947 throughout 1951. The Cold War mandated the world to select sides generating an apprehensive atmosphere. The world divided into two enormous establishments NATO and the Warsaw pact. The Cold War was not an ordinary war. The U.S. and Soviet Union arose from WWII as universal influences, activating conflicts about philosophies and nationwide safety. The rigidness between the capitalist group and the communist group triggered disagreements at home-grown countries and overseas. The cause of the cold war was the fact that U.S. was democratic and capitalist and the Soviet Union was dictatorial and communist. At the Yalta conference the four countries which were the United States, the Soviet Union, France, and Britain created the league of the United Nations, which was an intercontinental organization to promote world peace. It was agreement was official signed in June 1945. The resolution of the UN was to aid resolve disagreements between nations and avoid any forthcoming wars. Stalin controlled portions of Europe and made communist governments there. By doing so he ruined his aptitude to permit free elections. Roosevelt and Churchill were conflicting to the extent of communism. . Europe was separated between capitalist democracies of the West and the East was controlled by Communist governments. Churchill assumed that the disunion was perpetual. He used the phrase â€Å"iron curtains† to

The Business And Contract Law Assignments - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. Explain how the contracts Avinash made with the caf were formed. You will need to address all the essential elements of a contract, as well as analyse the legal status of each step or event that led to the caf supplying Avinash with its products. Refer to relevant case law. In this part, do not discuss the impact, if any, of consumer protection laws. You may, but are not obliged to use the IRAC format for this part, given that each step or event must be analysed separately. 2. Explain whether the caf is legally entitled to rely on the clause printed on the ticket to avoid liability in relation to Avinashs injury. For the purposes of this part you should consider both common law as well as legislation .Please use IRAC format for this part. Answers: Answer 1 Issue The main issue of this case revolves around the formation of contract between the local caf and Avinash. Rule Contract law is covered under the common law. A contract denotes the legally binding contract made by the parties of contract to carry out the promise on which the contract is made. It can be formed merely by speaking the terms of contract, resulting in oral/ verbal contact. Otherwise, it can be formed by putting the terms in a document and getting the same signed by parties of contract. In order to form a contract, some elements have to be present, which include offer, acceptance, consideration, intention, capacity, and legality. When all these elements come together, a contract having legal validity is created[2]. In order to begin with the formation of a contact, the first step which has to be taken is the offer to be made by the party. This offer has to provide the terms which are being offered by them to the other party. An offer is quite different from an invitation to treat and there is a need to make a difference between whether the communication which has been made is invitation to treat and an offer[3]. The difference in legal terms between the two is that offer results in contract being formed, whilst an invitation to treat does not, as the former has intent of being bound legally, whilst the latter has the intent of negotiation on the possible terms of contract[4]. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots[5] provides clarity in this matter. This case saw Boots introducing a new system of self service in the shop which they owned whereby the customers had the option of picking the goods kept on the shops shelf, putting them in their basket and taking them to the cashier for paying for the chosen product through cash. The claimant initiated a claim whereby they asked the court to determine the legality of the self service system. This was due to the fact that a pharmacist had to be present when pharmaceutical products were sold in public. The point of contract being formed was questioned here. The court analysed the case and stated that the goods on shelf of shop are invitation to treat. These convert into an offer when the consumer picks the goods and takes them to the assistant of shop for paying in cash. The shop assistant then gets the opportunity of giving acceptance to this offer or not. This is when the pharmacist had to be present[ 6]. The next step in formation of contract is acceptance whereby the party to which the offer is made has to be accepted in a time based manner. Also, Hyde v. Wrench[7] puts forth the requirement of accepting the exact terms of offer, otherwise a counter offer is resulted. The next step required in creating a binding contract is the presence of consideration. The contract needs to have valid consideration, which is mutually decided between the parties, and which would be valid as long as it holds economic value[8]. The next element is intention of the parties to be bound in a legal manner, due to getting in the contract, which gives them contractual rights and even possible contractual liabilities[9]. The contracting parties need to have the contractual capacity to get in a contract, which is usually in terms of their legal age, amongst the other factors. The terms of the contract also have to be legal, and cannot be unfair or against any statute. Application There is a stark similarity between the scenario given in the case study and the established case of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots. This is the reason why the ruling given in this case is applied in the present context. Here, a contract had been created between the local cafe and Avinash when he put his order by touching the screen. His offer had been accepted upon the ticket being generated. To put it in detail, during the time when Avinash was scrolling the menu of the local cafe, it was an invitation to treat. When he selected a product to be ordered, and selected the same on the machine, an offer was made by him, which the local cafe had the option of accepting or rejecting. The consideration value here is of $7.50 and the contractual term includes food products. The acceptance was in form of ticket generation. The intent and capacity are assumed to be present as nothing shows otherwise. Conclusion To conclude, a contract had been created based on the facts given, between the local cafe and Avinash. Issue The main issue of this case revolves around the reliance to be successfully placed by the local cafe on the ticket which was printed for avoiding their liabilities arising from injuries sustained by Avinash. Rule There are different terms in contracts and one of such terms is exclusion clause. As per this clause, the liability of the inserting party can be limited or restricted, in case of certain occurrences. In order for the exclusion clause to fulfil its purpose, it has to fulfil certain requirements. This includes proper insertion of the same in contract and the same being brought before the attention of the parties. Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd[11] proves helpful in this regard, where a parking ticket was generated from the machine when a driver got in the parking lot and paid the parking fees. Here, the driver was bounded by the ticket, even before it had been brought to the attention of the driver. Basically a contract gets formed on the ticket being taken. Here, the exclusion clause was not brought to the attention of parties before contract was formed and so the exclusion clause printed at the backside of ticket would not be deemed as a proper insertion of exclusion clause and no r would be deemed as properly displayed. Thus, when the car is damaged at parking lot of company, the damages would have to be paid by the company. The Australian Consumer Law (ACL)[12] is covered under the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010[13], which safeguards the interests of the consumers in the nation. As per section 3 of ACL, a person is deemed as a consumer when they make purchase of goods or attain services, the sum of which is less than $40,000, for their personal use or consumption[14]. Section 60 of ACL provides that the contracts for supply of services come with an implied warranty for the services to be given in a manner of care and with proper skill[15]. The other relevant provision here is section 64 of ACL, which provides that a contractual term becomes voided, where the purpose of this term is to amend, exclude or alienate the consumers rights for relying on the regime of consumer guarantees[16]. Application There is a stark similarity between the scenario given in the case study and the established case of Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd. This is the reason why the ruling given in this case is applied in the present context. In the case study also, the exclusion clause was printed at the backside of the ticket generated from the machine, and this was not brought to Avinashs attention. Upon merely ordering his food order, he was served with the ticket, which was the receipt for the purchased good. For holding this exclusion clause as valid, the cafe should have displayed it prominently, put it separately, or brought to the attention of Avinash before the contract was formed in terms of Avinash paying the sum for goods and the cafe accepting the same. Thus, the exclusion clause based on the common law would be invalid in this case. So, for the injuries sustained by Avinash, the cafe would have to reimburse Avinash. Avinash would be deemed as a consumer pursuant to section 3 of the ACL owing to the food order being for his own consumption and the amount of this being less than $40,000. As a result of this, sections 60 and 64 can be applied on him. Based on these two sections, the local cafe could not deny the liability which they owe to Avinash as the services provided by them were not done in a careful manner as per the requirements of the applicable sections. Further, the local cafe had no right of modifying, excluding, alienating or restricting the rights of Avinash for getting a product which was safe for his or any other consumer. Care should have been taken by cafe in preparing the food product which was not done. Conclusion To conclude, reliance cannot be placed by the local cafe on the ticket which was printed for avoiding their liabilities arising from injuries sustained by Avinash. Answer 2 In the contracts which are formed, there are two types of terms, i.e., the express terms and the implied terms. The express terms are the ones which clearly state what has to be done and what the rights or liabilities are. The implied terms are the ones which provide in an implied or obvious manner, and during the negotiation phase of contracts, these are usually brought to the parties attention[17]. The presence of the former term cannot be denied, but the same can be done for the latter term. In the following parts, it is shown that even though there appears to be difference between express and implied terms, these are almost the same. Before showing the manner in which the two terms are varied, there is a need to highlight the difference between the two terms. The initial point of differentiation between the two is in their definition. Express terms are clearly stated in the contract, in an explicit manner, on what has to be done, and what has to not be done. The implied terms are the ones which stem from the expressed contractual terms, which have not been mentioned by any of the parties of the contract in the contract; nevertheless, they still form a part of the contract. Here, when the two terms are carefully analysed, it becomes clear that the implied terms are stemmed from the express terms. So, they are quite similar in nature. Due to the similarity in nature, they are not required to be stated again. A key difference between the two is that the express terms can be claimed upon easily, but the same is not an easy task for the implied terms. In other words, where the express terms are disputed, they can be clarified by reading the contract on which they are stated. However, when it comes to the implied terms, any of the contracting parties can deny the presence of the same. In such cases, the court plays the role of deciding upon the presence of implied term. Again, a careful analysis of this depicts, that even the express terms require court to play an important role, where they read the express terms when they are ambiguous, to decide upon the meaning and their presence. And at times, the implied terms are not included contested upon, as these are understood based on the contract taken place[18]. For instance, based on the applicability of ACL in the previous case, even though it was not stated that the provisions of ACL had to be followed, but it was implied that the same was n ot done. By not following these provisions, the cafe was made liable, even when the same was never expressly stated in the contract formed between the local cafe and Avinash. To conclude, even though the express and implied terms are varied in their generic sense, they are more or less the same and are present in the contracts in a parallel manner. Bibliography Andrews N, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2015) Carter JW, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013) Carter JW, Peden E, and Tolhurst G, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2007) Elliott C and Quinn F, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 9th ed, 2013) Furmston M, and Tolhurst GJ, Contract Formation: Law and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010) Gibson A, and Fraser D, Business Law (Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) Latimer P, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) Marson J and Ferris K, Business Law Concentrate: Law Revision and Study Guide (Oxford University Press, 3rd ed, 2016) McKendrick E, and Liu Q, Contract Law: Australian Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) Poole J, Casebook on Contract Law (Oxford University Press, 2016) Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1953] 1 QB 401 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd (1971) 1 All ER 686 Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth)

Fundamentals of Database _Assignment

Questions: 1. Which account is designated as the owner of a relation? What privileges does the owner of a relation have?2. How is the view mechanism used as an authorization mechanism?3. Discuss the types of privileges at the account level and those at the relation level.4. What are the main reasons for and potential advantages of distributed databases?5. What additional functions does a DDBMS have over a centralized DBMS? Answers: 1. With respect to some specific relation, an owner account is the user account that have all controls over that relation. Owner can have maximum privileges on the relation. An owner of the relation can have the following privileges, Selection Modification Referencing With respect to that relation. 2. With respect to a database, a view is a set of records from a query and is represented as a virtual relation. It is not a part of the physical schema of the database, rather it is a virtually calculated set of records those are processed dynamically from the database. Views can also be used in access control mechanism. These can be used to grant access limits on some relation for multiple users. For example, in an office, there will be payroll information of all employees. Now, the accountant have access to the payroll relation. CEO is an employee, so the payroll information of the CEO will also be in the payroll relation. But an account should not have access control to all payroll information of the CEO. Thus, view will be used to separate the access control on the same physical relation payroll. It will give different level of access control on the data of the payroll relation. 3. Granting privilege is related to the concept of authorization of the identifier for some user account. A user will have some set of access restrictions to some relations of the database. When the user will need to access some relation, the system will check for the set of relations and access controls that have been granted previously to that user, if it matches, then the user will have access to the requested information from some relation. Assignment of privileges to some user can be any of the two types. Those are, Account level The DBA of the database will set the privileges in this level. The privileges will be effective independently to each of the relations of the database. Relation level Again the DBA will set the privileges to relations or views of the database. 4. Distributed databases works based on some network. The potential advantages of distributed databases are, It is easier and more flexible for development of applications. It performs better. It is scalable. 5. The additional features of distributed database over the same in centralized database are, It keeps track of distribution, replication and fragmentation of data. It supports distributed query processing over a network. It supports distributed transaction management, data replication management, distributed recovery management. There is distributed catalog management. The overall complexities of the above features is lesser in distributed database compared to centralized databases. References Cellary, W., T. Morzy, E. G. (2014). Concurrency Control in Distributed Database Systems. Elsevier. Elmasri, R., Navathe, S. B. (2013). Fundamentals of Database Systems. Pearson . Mullins, C. S. (2013). Database Administration: The Complete Guide to DBA Practices and Procedures. Addison-Wesley Professional. zsu, M. T., Valduriez, P. (2011). Principles of Distributed Database Systems. Springer. Rahimi, S. K., Haug, F. S. (2010). Distributed Database Management Systems. John Wiley Sons. Silberschatz, A., Korth, H. F., Sudarshan, S. (2011). Database System Concepts (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.